Negation, Denial of Statement

Negation of a statement is a denial statement. Negation is represented using the symbol ~. Negation is often formed by adding the word 'no' in a sentence of origin. Examples are given the sentence "p: rainy day ', its negation is" ~ p: no rain today. " If the original sentence is true, its negation is false, and vice versa. Sentence truth value of negation is always contrary to the truth value of sentence of origin. Because the truth of a negation depends on the original sentence, the negation of a sentence kalmat classified as compound.

EXAMPLE
Write the sentence that represents the negation of each of the following sentences: a. Legislative candidate from Golkar Party, b. Legislative candidate was not from the Golkar Party. c. Several candidates from the Golkar party, d. All the candidates come from the democrat party, e. None of the party's legislative Hanura.

COMPLETION
a. Negation of 'legislative candidates from the Golkar Party' is 'is not a legislative candidate from Golkar Party'.
b. Negation of 'it is not a legislative candidate from Golkar Party' is 'legislative candidates from the Golkar Party'.
c. Errors often arise when asked the negation of 'a few candidates from the Golkar Party'. Many who answered 'some candidates did not come from the Golkar Party'. The statement did not reject the initial statement. The expression 'a few candidates from the Golkar Party' implies there is at least one candidate from the Golkar Party. Statements that deny this, of course, 'There are no candidates from the Golkar Party'. The statement is a negation of the initial statement.
d. Negation of 'all the candidates from the Golkar Party' is 'there is at least one candidate who did not come from the Golkar Party,' or phrase that is often used 'some candidates did not come from the Golkar Party'.
e. Negation 'No legislature of Hanura' is 'there is at least one person from the party's legislative Hanura'. When more than one interpretation at least, we can use another negation of 'some of the party's legislative Hanura.

Said some, all, and no known as quantifier, kuantor. Statement in c through e involve kuantor in it. Negation of 'all p is q' is 'some p not q'. And vice versa. And the negation 'some p is q' is 'does not exist p is q'.

Wise Inductively

Conclusion of a valid deductive argument (which apply to specific public statement), is the conclusion / conclusion that is guaranteed. With the given premise is true, correct conclusions can be obtained. However, there is an argument that is not guaranteed given the truth even if the premise is true. Consider the following examples:

1. Dika sneeze while playing with the cat's Anton
2. Dika sneeze while playing with the cat's Tono
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So, Dika is a child who is allergic to cats

Does the conclusion is irrefutable? If the premises are true, they did support the conclusions drawn. But we can not say 100% that Dika cat allergy. Conclusion The conclusion is not indisputable. It may Dika cat allergies, but may also Dika dust allergies in cats, can also Dika is being flu.

Such reasoning is called inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is obtained based on some specific cases that result in general conclusions. Although sometimes we find a conclusion that is true, the conclusion of inductive reasoning was never guaranteed (not an irrefutable conclusion.) Another example of inductive reasoning is as follows:

EXAMPLE
Numbers below what after row 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, .... ?

COMPLETION
Note that we obtain a linear pattern, the pattern of arithmetic that the difference between two adjacent numbers is 7. We may respond with the next value is 36. Is our conclusion is assured? No, in a matter of no information that the sequence given an arithmetic sequence. Take for example, could have those figures are on penganggalan Monday in January AD 2001. Which means the next number is 5 (the following month.) Without more complete information, the results we get do not get guarantees from our logic, we only apply inductive reasoning, or give more than one possible solution to the problem above.

Term

In the online dictionary 'Webster', a term logic, 'logic', defined as the science of correct reasoning ('the science of correct reasoning'). In the movie Star Trek, Mr. Spock's often claimed, 'emotions often provide conclusions which are not logical'. Reasoning itself is defined as the process of making inferences from the information or facts assumed. Reasoning is an integrated part in the everyday world. We always act based on perceptions and our experiences. For example, if within two days of rain, of course we consider to bring a raincoat when out of the house.